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Animal Management Practices and Problems Leading to Crop Animal Conflict in Kamajei, Moyamba District and Kissy Tongi Chiefdoms, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone

Received: 3 September 2021     Accepted: 2 November 2021     Published: 25 February 2022
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Abstract

This survey was carried out between January and March 2021 in two chiefdoms in Sierra Leone, namely Kamajei chiefdom, in Moyamba district, in the South and Kissi Tongi chiefdom, Kailahun district in the East. Both share boundaries with our major sources of livestock supply (Northern Province and Guinea). Kamajei chiefdom had long been involved in livestock farming, with a very large number of worehs and a well-established Management system and structure. Unlike Kissi Tongi chiefdom, there were very few worehs and no structures in place to guide the farmers in preventing conflict. All livestock, crop farmers, and chiefs, form the sampling size. Information was collected in Local languages on land acquisition, management Systems, causes of conflict and how conflict should be resolved. Results showed the following, firstly, 100% of animal rearers acquired land within Kamajei chiefdom by agreement from Land holding families with yearly Payment of Le1,500,000, while in the Kissi Tongi, 60% acquired land by agreement and 40% do not go into any form of agreement. In Kissi Tongi, 80% of the land belongs to the community people and 20% to land holding families. In the Kissi Tongi Chiefdom, 75% of animal rearers were found not to pay for grazing areas, while 20% payed yearly and 5% after every two years for land ultilization. In Kamajei chiefdom, on the other hand, 100% of their animals were kept under semi-intensive. While in Kissi Tongi, a100% extensive system was employed. In both chiefdoms, damage to crops was the first cause of conflict between farmers and herders. Crop damage was not limited to damage done to growing crops but included unauthorized grazing of crop residues after harvest. Other causes of conflict reported were access to watering points, expansion of crop fields across corridors for animal passage and thefts of animal. Finally, in Kamajei chiefdom, all crop farmers reported animal farmers for damages done to their crops to authorities to settle damage caused by animals to crops with huge compensation paid, while in Kissi Tongi, 50% don’t report any damage to authorities and don’t pay for damage while 30% do report to town chiefs and 20% to animal owners for peaceful resolution of the conflict. Moreover, payment for damage done is either directly to crop owners or town chief. In conclusion, although sporadic conflicts were reported, the potential for them to escalate is high if guideline are not instituted within these communities.

Published in Science, Technology & Public Policy (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11
Page(s) 1-6
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Conflicts, Animal Rearers, Crop Farmers, Compensation Damage

References
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[2] Nwakanma, E., &Boroh, S. E. (2019). Demography of Conflict and the Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 17 (2), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.36108/NJSA/9102/71(0220).
[3] Turnera M. D., Ayantundeb A. A., Pattersona E. D., Pattersona K. P. Farmer-herder relations and conflict management in agro-pastoral zone of Niger. Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1491, USA; International Livestock Research Institute, BP 12404 Niamey, Niger. Email: a.a.ayantunde@cgiar.org. Pg 9. 1-3.
[4] Food and Agricultural Organisation (2002). The role of agriculture in the development of LDC. pp 7-8.
[5] Sierra Leone - Country Commercial Guide (2021).
[6] Agriculture in Sierra Leone From Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sierra_Leone.
[7] Enwelu, I. A., Dimelu, M. U. And Asadu, A. N. Farmer (2015)- Cattle Herder Conflict: Possible Mitigation And Mediation Strategies In Nigeria Nigerian Journal Of Rural Sociology Vol. 16, No. 2.
[8] Stanley K. Dary1, Harvey S. James1 & Asaah S. Mohammed2 1Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA 2 Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana Correspondence: Stanley K. Dary, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Missouri, 323 Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. E-mail: skdd45@mail.missouri.edu Received: March 6, 2017 Accepted: March 28, 2017 Online Published: April 19, 2017 doi: 10.5539/sar.v6n2p141 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n2p141 pg 17-18.
[9] Remi Adeyemo (Obafemi Awolowo University). Conflicts and Possible Alliances Between Farmersand Normadic Herders. https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/iuaes2013/paper/11602.
[10] Dimelu M. U.*, Salifu D. E., Enwelu A. I. and Igbokwe E. M. Challenges of herdsmen-farmers conflict in livestock production in Nigeria: Experience of pastoralists in Kogi State, Nigeria February 2017African Journal of Agricultural Research 12 (8): 642-650. DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2016.11740.
[11] Nathaniel Olugbade Adeoye 2017. Ghana Journal of Geography Vol. 9 (1), 2017 pages 127–151.
[12] Conteh et. al. 2021. International Journal of Animal Science, Husbandry and Livestock Production ISSN: 2141-5191, Vol. 7 (6), pp. 402-414, September, 2021. Available online at www.advancedscholarsjournals.org © Advanced Scholars Journals.
[13] STATISTICS, SIERRA LEONE, (2015).
[14] Johnny M (1980). Land tenure and rural development – a case study of the Moyamba area.
[15] Kamara J (1980) Marketing transactions of agricultural land in Sierra Leone. In: Turay H (ed) Land tenure systems in Sierra Leone. A Conference Report. Land Tenure Systems in Sierra Leone, Feb 8-10, Njala University College, Sierra Leone.
[16] Gülşah Gürsoy (2019) Peace and Conflict Studies MA 2019 Summer Semester. Marburg, Germany. Farmers-Herders Conflict in Nigeria: An Analysis of the Root Causes and the Effects of the Conflict] 2, Pp. 11-15.
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    Mahmud Emkay Sesay, Marion Macorthor Maltina Sesay, Victor Patrict Bagla, David Panda-Noah. (2022). Animal Management Practices and Problems Leading to Crop Animal Conflict in Kamajei, Moyamba District and Kissy Tongi Chiefdoms, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone. Science, Technology & Public Policy, 6(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11

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    Mahmud Emkay Sesay; Marion Macorthor Maltina Sesay; Victor Patrict Bagla; David Panda-Noah. Animal Management Practices and Problems Leading to Crop Animal Conflict in Kamajei, Moyamba District and Kissy Tongi Chiefdoms, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone. Sci. Technol. Public Policy 2022, 6(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11

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    AMA Style

    Mahmud Emkay Sesay, Marion Macorthor Maltina Sesay, Victor Patrict Bagla, David Panda-Noah. Animal Management Practices and Problems Leading to Crop Animal Conflict in Kamajei, Moyamba District and Kissy Tongi Chiefdoms, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone. Sci Technol Public Policy. 2022;6(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11,
      author = {Mahmud Emkay Sesay and Marion Macorthor Maltina Sesay and Victor Patrict Bagla and David Panda-Noah},
      title = {Animal Management Practices and Problems Leading to Crop Animal Conflict in Kamajei, Moyamba District and Kissy Tongi Chiefdoms, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone},
      journal = {Science, Technology & Public Policy},
      volume = {6},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-6},
      doi = {10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.stpp.20220601.11},
      abstract = {This survey was carried out between January and March 2021 in two chiefdoms in Sierra Leone, namely Kamajei chiefdom, in Moyamba district, in the South and Kissi Tongi chiefdom, Kailahun district in the East. Both share boundaries with our major sources of livestock supply (Northern Province and Guinea). Kamajei chiefdom had long been involved in livestock farming, with a very large number of worehs and a well-established Management system and structure. Unlike Kissi Tongi chiefdom, there were very few worehs and no structures in place to guide the farmers in preventing conflict. All livestock, crop farmers, and chiefs, form the sampling size. Information was collected in Local languages on land acquisition, management Systems, causes of conflict and how conflict should be resolved. Results showed the following, firstly, 100% of animal rearers acquired land within Kamajei chiefdom by agreement from Land holding families with yearly Payment of Le1,500,000, while in the Kissi Tongi, 60% acquired land by agreement and 40% do not go into any form of agreement. In Kissi Tongi, 80% of the land belongs to the community people and 20% to land holding families. In the Kissi Tongi Chiefdom, 75% of animal rearers were found not to pay for grazing areas, while 20% payed yearly and 5% after every two years for land ultilization. In Kamajei chiefdom, on the other hand, 100% of their animals were kept under semi-intensive. While in Kissi Tongi, a100% extensive system was employed. In both chiefdoms, damage to crops was the first cause of conflict between farmers and herders. Crop damage was not limited to damage done to growing crops but included unauthorized grazing of crop residues after harvest. Other causes of conflict reported were access to watering points, expansion of crop fields across corridors for animal passage and thefts of animal. Finally, in Kamajei chiefdom, all crop farmers reported animal farmers for damages done to their crops to authorities to settle damage caused by animals to crops with huge compensation paid, while in Kissi Tongi, 50% don’t report any damage to authorities and don’t pay for damage while 30% do report to town chiefs and 20% to animal owners for peaceful resolution of the conflict. Moreover, payment for damage done is either directly to crop owners or town chief. In conclusion, although sporadic conflicts were reported, the potential for them to escalate is high if guideline are not instituted within these communities.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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    T1  - Animal Management Practices and Problems Leading to Crop Animal Conflict in Kamajei, Moyamba District and Kissy Tongi Chiefdoms, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone
    AU  - Mahmud Emkay Sesay
    AU  - Marion Macorthor Maltina Sesay
    AU  - Victor Patrict Bagla
    AU  - David Panda-Noah
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11
    T2  - Science, Technology & Public Policy
    JF  - Science, Technology & Public Policy
    JO  - Science, Technology & Public Policy
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 6
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-4621
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.stpp.20220601.11
    AB  - This survey was carried out between January and March 2021 in two chiefdoms in Sierra Leone, namely Kamajei chiefdom, in Moyamba district, in the South and Kissi Tongi chiefdom, Kailahun district in the East. Both share boundaries with our major sources of livestock supply (Northern Province and Guinea). Kamajei chiefdom had long been involved in livestock farming, with a very large number of worehs and a well-established Management system and structure. Unlike Kissi Tongi chiefdom, there were very few worehs and no structures in place to guide the farmers in preventing conflict. All livestock, crop farmers, and chiefs, form the sampling size. Information was collected in Local languages on land acquisition, management Systems, causes of conflict and how conflict should be resolved. Results showed the following, firstly, 100% of animal rearers acquired land within Kamajei chiefdom by agreement from Land holding families with yearly Payment of Le1,500,000, while in the Kissi Tongi, 60% acquired land by agreement and 40% do not go into any form of agreement. In Kissi Tongi, 80% of the land belongs to the community people and 20% to land holding families. In the Kissi Tongi Chiefdom, 75% of animal rearers were found not to pay for grazing areas, while 20% payed yearly and 5% after every two years for land ultilization. In Kamajei chiefdom, on the other hand, 100% of their animals were kept under semi-intensive. While in Kissi Tongi, a100% extensive system was employed. In both chiefdoms, damage to crops was the first cause of conflict between farmers and herders. Crop damage was not limited to damage done to growing crops but included unauthorized grazing of crop residues after harvest. Other causes of conflict reported were access to watering points, expansion of crop fields across corridors for animal passage and thefts of animal. Finally, in Kamajei chiefdom, all crop farmers reported animal farmers for damages done to their crops to authorities to settle damage caused by animals to crops with huge compensation paid, while in Kissi Tongi, 50% don’t report any damage to authorities and don’t pay for damage while 30% do report to town chiefs and 20% to animal owners for peaceful resolution of the conflict. Moreover, payment for damage done is either directly to crop owners or town chief. In conclusion, although sporadic conflicts were reported, the potential for them to escalate is high if guideline are not instituted within these communities.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone

  • Department of Agricultural Education and Home Economics, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone

  • Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone

  • Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone

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